Family Essay Essay

Bridge to Wiseman’s Cove – Freedom Essay by Callum Powell 8A The phrase to â€Å"set himself free† is used a lot throughout a bridge to Wiseman’s cove, whether it is to do with family issues or just common everyday tasks. Carl is constantly trying to let himself free and sometimes succeeds but other times doesn’t. Some examples are that if he’ll see his mother or every stop looking after his little brother Harley. Throughout â€Å"A bridge Wisemans cove† he goes through a mental journey facing evil family member (usually Beryl) and friends. An example of setting himself free is at the end of the novel where throughout the book where he has been looking after Harley, feeding him, caring for him and most importantly keeping him out of trouble. Such as when Harley is caught stealing from the local store, by the time he gets back to Aunt Beryl’s house she lashes out and threatens to kick Harley out but Carl intervenes and give Beryl some of the money that Sarah gave him earlier on in the book so that she can be kind to Harley. So by the end of the book when Harley moves in with the Duncan’s. Carl feels a sense of relief and freedom, because he no longer has the responsibility for Harley and he no longer has to worry about him. â€Å"â€Å"When Beryl chains Harley up, Carl finds the courage to confront her at the bowls club where she has been all day playing the pokies. If you’d stayed with him, kept an eye on him, if you cared about him, he wouldn’t get into trouble. † This is another part of the book where Carl â€Å"sets himself free† he finally sets free how much he despises aunt Beryl, she has been mean and cruel to them and trying to find any reason to kick them out. So this is when Carl sets free how he feels and puts his foot down. Another example of setting himself free is also at the end of the book when Carl finds out that whilst on her way home from her ‘holiday’ Kerry died in a bus crash. â€Å"Carl Matt opened up too, letting go and feeling a freedom flood into him †¦ he knew at last that he was alive to feel it† (page 241) this moment was probably one of the biggest revelations for Carl as he finally felt the sense of freedom as he was always wondering when his mum would return or if she would return. So when he finally finds out that his mother had died of course he felt sad and depressed but at the same time he felt closure and freedom as he didn’t have to worry about her or didn’t have to always be thinking of if she will come and pick him up. This is a very important part of the novel as the premise of the book is based on family and love but Carl and Harley don’t have either all they have is each other so when they find out their mum is dead it hits them hard but also sets them free. One last example of letting himself free is whilst Carl is working at Skips barge. Because working on the barge helps Carl get away from all his troubles and more importantly the people that don’t accept him such as Beryl. Whilst working on the barge Carl finds the freedom to try a lot of new things. â€Å"You love that barge, don’t you, Carl? †¦You’re the best thing that could have happened. † Finally people were starting to notice Carl, then he had the freedom to show himself. Throughout the book he was shown as a very shy, lonely and awkward kid who didn’t know many people and didn’t really talk or try to communicate with them. â€Å"Carl shared in†¦the freedom of the bird itself. Elation, freedom. He felt them both† (page 158) in some sense Carl wished that he was the bird so that he could fly away from all of his problems ad just leave them all behind. Although Carl keeps working at the barge by the end of the book he still senses a feel of freedom being away from everyone and having somewhere just to relax and forget all of your troubles. To conclude Carl found many ways to find freedom whether it was mental or emotional freedom. The ways he exampled freedom in the text were standing up to Aunt Beryl for Harleys sack, working at the local barge and finally he having the freedom to stop worrying about is mother as he didn’t know she died on her way back home. So by the end of the novel Carl found the freedom for a lot of things and didn’t regret any of the decisions he made.

Responsibilities and Boundaries Essay

Roles, responsibilities and boundaries are evolving qualities within a teacher that are assessed through the teacher/training cycle. To become a successful tutor you will need to understand this cycle and include it in your daily teaching routine. The role of every tutor is to value all their learners individually and equally. A tutor has a duty of care towards learners, implicating they should carry out initial assessments of every learner, to understand their learning abilities. Every learner should be provided with any additional support they require. The learner has the responsibility to tell the tutor of any additional support they need, and the tutor should act upon this information at once to ensure the support is provided. Every organisation has different methods of teaching and providing support for learners. The tutor should know how to get access for additional support the learner needs. As learners develop a better understanding of the aims and objectives, their needs and requirements change. This should be reflected in continual reassessment. An organisation has many different initial assessments; it is the tutor’s job to know all of these. So the work can be based upon the needs of the organisation, the syllabus and the learners. As a tutor I must keep all records of teaching, plans and progression reports. I need to understand the different abilities each learner has. When I plan a lesson I must entail all the various learning methods are included, thus all learners gain some knowledge from the course. I will need to plan the lesson appropriately including the different learning styles; auditory, visual and kinaesthetic. The most common way a tutor understands the learning styles of a learner is to present them with a quiz, to analyse their own learning style. As a result the tutor will have a better understanding of the learners learning styles. To provide effective teaching I shall have to assess myself. I can do this by asking learners to fill out a questionnaire about the presentation and efficiency regarding my teaching techniques. With this information I can evaluate my teaching methods, so as to modify or make changes in the future. I shall know which new activities to plan and find the correct resources for them. Furthermore I will know what the learners expect of me and how I can stimulate their learning forward to help them reach their full potential and progress further. It is the tutor’s responsibility to make sure they have gained skills they need for the subject area they wish to teach. They are aware of all the learner abilities and to certify the learners have gained necessary skills and knowledge. The tutor has to make sure all handouts and presentations are thoroughly checked, as any mistake can have a lasting effect on the individual learner. Additionally to keep all learners engaged on the subject the tutor must use variable tactics of teaching. The boundaries of a tutor are placed to maintain a friendly but professional environment, so that the tutor or the learner cannot take advantage of either position. ‘Boundaries allow you to express your limits and to communicate the conditions or availability of certain privileges that your students desire’ (B. Jane 2010). The tutor can phone the learner, for delay of coursework or continuous absences, but it is prohibited for the teacher to harass the learner. As a tutor it is unacceptable to get emotionally involved with a student. If they require any counselling, it is the tutor’s job to reflect upon what is being said to them. As a responsible tutor it would be my utmost priority to signpost them to a counsellor within the organisation, without betraying their trust. In consequence maintaining contact on professional grounds.

Operating System common on the Internet Essay

This paper discusses the various types of operating systems that are commonly used for the internet. The paper explains the general meaning of the operating systems and then discusses the various types of operating systems which support the internet applications. An operating system is a software component of a computer system that is responsible for the management of various activities of the computer and the sharing of computer resources. Operating Systems provide a base software platform on top of which other programs called application programs can run. Operating systems enable user to interact with the computer systems by acting as an interface between users or the application programs and the computer hardware. The different operating systems available in the market offer a wide choice for the user. However, with the increasing internet usage, the choice of operating system greatly depends on how well the OS supports the activities of the internet based applications. The different operating systems provide different types of browsers to enable internet usage. Linux is the most popular operating system for the internet and is based on UNIX, just like the Mac OS X. Linux offers larger amount of free space and open source software and is more equipped than any of the other counterparts. Comparing the features of the various OS, Hughes states that one of the most important features of the Linux operating system is its set of internet clients and servers including mail, news, FTP, web as well as the proxy clients and servers. Owing to the range of Linux distributions to offer, Linux is easily customizable. The use of compatibility layers such as Wine, makes Linux attuned with the windows programs and hence a good choice for the internet. The system is less prone to viruses and hence more reliable, especially for the internet. The system is freely available and far less expensive. This advanced operating system is most popular and recommended for internet users. BSD operating systems are very similar to Linux operating systems and fully support internet access. Both Linux and BSD come with full functionality for regular dial-up, PPP-based, cable modem, and Ethernet connections. Sun Operating system, which is a part of Sun Microsystems Solaris, is yet another OS commonly used for internet networked applications (Linfo, 2004). Although not so commonly used, BSD and IRIX also considered as good operating systems for the internet applications. Linux is considered to be safer for web hosting servers. It is found to b more reliable, stable and efficient (Internet-Web Hosting). Microsoft Windows has been the most common operating system. The series of operating systems started with MS_DOS, Windows 95, Windows NT, XP and the now popular Windows Vista. Owing to the largest library of programs and applications, and the ease of hardware compatibility that it renders, Windows continues to be one of the commonly opted operating systems. However, considering the performance speed and security issues, Windows might not be the best choice for the internet. Windows operating system is prone to viruses and spy ware because of which it necessitates the installation and maintenance of the internet security software. Apple’s Mac OS X is the second most popular operating system based on UNIX. The OS is relatively simpler and more compatible. It offers many advanced features along with an intuitive interface. Mac OS X supports second largest selection of software and is the most reliable operating system. Unlike the Windows Operating system, Mac OS X is not prone to virus or malware and is a better choice for the internet when compared to Windows for certain cases. However, the limited compatibility with the Apple hardware imposes a constraint on the system being used across the internet. Unlike the Windows, the Mac OS X does not require the frequent expenditure on the internet security software subscriptions and is thus less expensive as compared to the Windows. The choice of Operating Systems for running Internet applications primarily depends on the type of user. While Windows may be the choice of home and leisure users, Linux is generally used by professionals. Windows offers ease of use whereas Linux provides Security and Open source. References Hughes, P. , Operating Systems Comparison. Retrieved on April 14, 2009 from http://netshooter. com/linux/oscomp. html The Most Popular Operating Systems. 2004. Linux Information Project Retrieved on April 14, 2009 from http://www. linfo. org/operating_systems_list. html Internet-Web Hosting. Retreived on April 14, 2009 from http://www. internet-webhosting. com/whichplan. php

Paul's view of Women in the Ministry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paul's view of Women in the Ministry - Essay Example It is clear through Scripture verses that Paul, unlike many men of his time, was supportive of women actively teaching and praying in the ministry. One of the most profound references that can be found to the views of Paul is in the book of Romans. Romans 16:1-2 states: â€Å"I commend to you Phoebe our sister, who is a servant of the church in Cenchrea, that you may receive her in the Lord in a manner worthy of the saints, and assist her in whatever business she has need of you; for indeed she has been a helper of many and of myself also.† If Paul did not support women in the ministry, he would not be commending anyone, let alone a woman, by name. Furthermore, though Paul refers to Phoebe as a â€Å"servant†, he wrote his letters in Greek, using the word â€Å"diakonos†, from which the word â€Å"deacon† is derived (Fees). Though the translation reads â€Å"servant†, it has been speculated, that Phoebe may have actually been a church leader, such as a deacon, not a servant. In fact, the word is only translated once out of thirty-four times as â€Å"servant†, and that is when it has bee n applied to Phoebe; the rest of the time it has been translated as â€Å"minister† or â€Å"deacon† (Fees). Another female name of note is Priscilla, noted to be a tent-making team of husband and wife whose house Paul is a guest in, as stated in Acts 18:1-3. In Acts 18:24-26, it states â€Å"now a certain Jew named Apollos, born at Alexandria, an eloquent man and mighty in Scriptures, came to Ephesus.   This man had been instructed in the way of the Lord, and being fervent in spirit, he spoke and taught accurately the things of the Lord, though he knew only the baptism of John.   So he began to speak boldly in the synagogue.   When Aquila and Priscilla heard him, they took him aside and explained to him the way of God more accurately.† Priscilla, along with her husband, taught and explained the gospel to Apollos while Paul was staying under their roof and sharing their house

An evaluation of contemporary leadership and governance challenges Research Paper

An evaluation of contemporary leadership and governance challenges among universities in Africa - Research Paper Example The study incorporates the university management, teaching staff and the workers together with students both of whom are actively involved in the whole process of research. The results of empirical investigation reveal numerous challenges in university leadership and governance most of which arise from improper financial management coupled with lack of vision. Other leadership and governance challenges arise from union and labour agitations, mismanagement of resources, human resource cum faculty motivation and productivity, leadership among the academic staff, corporate governance and the quality of their graduates. Analysis of the challenges strongly indicates that the environment in which these universities operate which tend to nurture and accommodate such vices possibly causes these challenges. This is manifested in various reasons manifested by university management for their lack of progress. It is therefore apparent that university leadership and management are not up to the c hallenges facing them and that they are not fully aware of their roles and responsibilities. This is because the possible cause of these challenges lies in the specialist nature of their leadership and governance, which is in them. ... ion The issue of leadership in the Centre of management of educational institutions is important in human resources and development since it covers all aspects of the organization. Leadership and governance is concerned with the execution of policies and decisions which determine whether an organization achieve its goals or not. The leadership and governance of the universities enjoys the status of dominance and prestige due to their ability to control and initiate development policies. African Universities’ governance is faced with challenges that have led to their slow growth and development over the decades compared to their counterparts in other continents. Several efforts have been put in place by respective governments and concerned bodies to improve on their status but it seems they have fallen short of intended outcomes. Several attempts have been made aimed at training and capacity building for the university leadership but challenges are still being witnessed on larg e scale. Basic among the governance challenges is the capacity to govern which is evident in most of the department within the university administration. This lack of capacity may result from lack of effective training of the workers and other university leaders before they commence their duties. Lack of effective training before and during the employment period is blamed to be the result of poor leadership and governance in the African universities. The politicized nature of most African states often results to university management being political appointees with less regards to qualifications in terms of education and integrity of the selected leaders. Financial challenge is real in most of the African universities due to little funding they receive form the government and other donor

How I Prepare to take a Test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How I Prepare to take a Test - Essay Example After that, I compare with my notes and the class textbook contents. In the case of any mistakes or omissions, I rectify and transfer the new content to another blank notebook. Here, I also arrange the content according to topics or subtopics with clearly-labeled headings. In addition, I write personal clues on how to interpret the material alongside the content.Finally, I study actively at least one week before the real test. At this stage, I rely mostly on the major concepts I had written the previous week. Here, I read a number of before doing personal evaluation. Next, I evaluate myself by trying to analyze how much I can remember. I do it by writing brief content, mostly short phrases, which provide me with clues of the required content. Since most tests require the understanding of facts rather than memorization of content, I usually go through revision questions at the end of every chapter. In addition, I go through the test questions that have been done by previous groups of learners.Improving My Test-Taking PreparationsThe major challenge I experience while preparing for a test is time. I start my preparations at least three weeks early. Since it is difficult to master all the content within a short period, the three-week strategy affects my performances on some tests. However, if I start preparing earlier than that, I can improve my performance. In this case, if I focus on mastering the content right after every lesson, I can reduce my workload. In most cases, I skip some content because of limited time.

TESCO PLC AND THE NATURE OF MARKETS IN WHICH IT OPERATES Essay

TESCO PLC AND THE NATURE OF MARKETS IN WHICH IT OPERATES - Essay Example As one of the biggest players within the UK retail grocery industry, Tesco’s market share was 30.5% back in December 2009. In line with this, Tesco’s close competitor includes: Asda (16.9%), Sainsbury (16.9%), and Morrisons (12.3%). Having only four major players in the market, the market structure of retail grocery industry in UK is oligopoly. Within an oligopolistic market that targets many buyers, the industry is commonly dominated by only a very few numbers of sellers that offer homogenous products to its target consumers (Arnold 2008, p. 512). One of the very few factors that can trigger the development of oligopoly is the fact that a lot of companies are entering into merger and acquisitions as a result of tight market competition caused by globalization. The problem with oligopoly is that a very few number of competitors within the industry can enter into collusion making them able to dictate the market price of heterogenous products they are selling in the market (Gans 2005). Considering that market consequences of a few-firm concentration ration, a lot of economists believe that a market that is characterized by oligopoly is almost similar to the market consequences associated with anti-competitive domestic or international market activity. Although it is possible for players within an oligopoly market to dictate the market price of goods, this is not true in the case of Tesco and its competitors. Since grocery and merchandise retailers are selling homogenous products, its target customers will always have the opportunity to decide where to regularly purchase their weekly consumption of grocery items. In line with this, Tesco’s existing customers can anytime decide to purchase their grocery items from Asda, Sainsbury, Morrison, Waitrose, M&S, Somerfield, Aldi, Lidl, and Netto among other small-scale supermarket throughout the United Kingdom (Tesco 2010 b). There is a strong price competition within the grocery

Does the threat of prison serve as a deterrent Discuss with reference Essay

Does the threat of prison serve as a deterrent Discuss with reference to the work of at least two academic theorists - Essay Example Across the societies and in all nations, a prison system has been set and mandated with primary responsibility and authority of punishing these criminal offenders who have been found guilty by court. To deter is to use punishment as way of averting criminal acts. A prison is a setting where criminal offenders are contained legally as way of punishment for the crimes they have committed (Perrier and Pink, 2003:58). The question that, therefore, rises is if prisons actually serve to deter crime from happening. This essay will discuss the extent and ways in which prisons function in their attempt to reduce and deter crime and demonstrate if actually this objective is achieved. This will be based and compared to the theoretical perspectives of prison and role in crime deterrence. It is of great concern to anyone who has interest in crime prevention to critically analyse the role of prison system in curbing crime through preventing a reoccurrence and initiation of a new one. There has been a massive transformation in the recent time in the prison departments with different people expressing divergent opinions concerning the main role of a prison. Some people would argue that the prison should be a rehabilitation centre with structures and facilities that are suppose to empower the offenders and show them a new perspective in life. Other people from a different school of thought would say that availing positive and empowerment tools to offenders would be reinforcing criminal acts and, therefore, no one would learn from the mistakes. Punishment is the best way to unlearn behaviour rather that exposing a criminal to positive and enabling conditions. While it appears to be a motivation and reinforcement of a criminal behaviour, a holistic rehabilitative measure have been put in most prisons to make sure that prisoners come out of their dens afresh with clearly set goals and ambition so as to make a change in the society. This has

Accountability in Nursing Profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Accountability in Nursing Profession - Essay Example It is an ethic that must be counted at very start of the management and HRM process. However, unfortunately the organizations today have no formal accountability strategy implementation. It does not mean that accountability is no more in today business, it is still in trends but the real spirit of the accountability is not being seen in organizational management. The organizations today are trying to accept the challenges of making them improved and advanced in providing the best services to their stakeholders, but the question is why we are accepting challenges, whey we are struggling to bring more improvements and why we should do this (Dealy and Thomas 2007,42). The professional nurse accountability is an act of taking responsibility of what the nurses are liable and being expected to do regarding their profession that is directly and indirectly related with the client’s well-being and health. Several government, non-government and semi-government departments are imperatively implementing the accountability strategy within the organization specifically the health departments. However, health department is the most sensitive area of any business that purely related with the lives of people. From doctors to ordinary watchmen and sweepers, all are liable and accountable to the managers and head of department for each and every action without even prior instruction, duty and training. In our research paper we will discuss the professional nurse accountability, groundwork of the accountability and present and future accountability for nursing profession. 1.2. The Professional Nurse Accountability As mentioned above, the accountability is not only liable and considered necessary for the managers and leaders, but every individual in the organization is liable and accountable. It is an act to be responsive to something done by him/her or for what he/she is supposed to do. The professional nurse accountability is related to the responsiveness of the nurses to the peers, patients, oneself, his/her profession and to the society. The nursing profession is very much accountable and connected with society and nursing peers. The nurses are accountable and responsible for their deeds and responsibilities based on the code of nursing, nursing practice standards, development of nursing theory, educational requirements, and certifications. Different bodies set and design the standards for the health care and nursing profession and practice. This means nurses are accountable of different levels of responsibility from nurses. They have to be aware o f each nursing profession standard, because everybody that sets the standards for nursing profession has their own standard to apply as well as the penalty to implement if these standards are not met. There is no single resource of accountability for nursing profession. When we in detailes focus on the accountability factor of the nursing profession, we see that there are more than one source to provide the different types of accountability for nursing practice. These types may come from the legality aspects, media platforms, agencies, government departments or councils of nursing and midwifery profession. All these resources bring major amendments and improvements in nursing profession accountability (Caulfield 2011). 1.3. To Whom the Professional Nurse Is Accountable? The nursing profession is very much compelled and accountable to grant the ample and proficient nursing concern. Therefore, it is the personal responsibility of the nurses to pay proper attention and care to sustain the aptitude in practice. Hence, this accountability act is necessary for the nurses for basically two major purposes: firstly, to develop, maintain and

Food safety Essay Example for Free

Food safety Essay However, according to Unit 04 Communication of Health Consumers Directorate-General of the European Commission (SANCO): The Codex, while being recommendations for voluntary application by members, Codex standards serve in many cases as a basis for national legislation. The reference made to Codex food safety standards in the World Trade Organizations Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS Agreement) means that Codex has far reaching implications for resolving trade disputes. WTO members that wish to apply stricter food safety measures than those set by Codex may be required to justify these measures scientifically. So, an agreement made in 2003, signed by all member states, inclusive all EU, in the codex Stan Codex 240 – 2003 for coconut milk, sulphite containing additives like E223 and E 224 are allowed till 30 mg/kg, does NOT mean, they are allowed into the EU, see RASFF entries from Denmark: 2012. 0834; 2011. 1848; en 2011. 168, â€Å"sulphite unauthorised in coconut milk from Thailand â€Å". Same for polysorbate E 435: see 2012. 0838 from Denmark, unauthorised polysorbates in coconut milk and, 2007. AIC from France. Only for the latter the EU amended its regulations with (EU) No 583/2012 per 2 July 2012 to allow this additive, already used for decades and absolutely necessary. Australia[edit]Food Standards Australia New Zealand is working toward ensuring that all food businesses implement food safety systems to ensure food is safe to consume in a bid to halt the increasing incidence of food poisoning, this includes basic food safety training for at least one person in each business. Smart business operators know that basic food safety training improves the bottom line, staff take more pride in their work; there is less waste; and customers can have more confidence in the food they consume. Food Safety training in units of competence from a relevant training package, must be delivered by a Registered Training Organization (RTO) to enable staff to be issued with a nationally recognised unit of competency code on their certificate. Generally this training can be completed in less than one day. Training options are available to suit the needs of everyone. Training may be carried out in-house for a group, in a public class, via correspondence or online. Basic food safety training includes: Understanding the hazards associated with the main types of food and the conditions to prevent the growth of bacteria which can cause food poisoning and to prevent illness The problems associated with product packaging such as leaks in vacuum packs, damage to packaging or pest infestation, as well as problems and diseases spread by pests. Safe food handling. This includes safe procedures for each process such as receiving, re-packing, food storage, preparation and cooking, cooling and re-heating, displaying products, handling products when serving customers, packaging, cleaning and sanitizing, pest control, transport and delivery. Also the causes of cross contamination. Catering for customers who are particularly at risk of food-borne illness, including allergies and intolerance. Correct cleaning and sanitizing procedures, cleaning products and their correct use, and the storage of cleaning items such as brushes, mops and cloths. Personal hygiene, hand washing, illness, and protective clothing. People responsible for serving unsafe food can be liable for heavy fines under this new legislation, consumers are pleased that industry will be forced to take food safety seriously. China[edit]Main article: Food safety in the Peoples Republic of China Food safety is a growing concern in Chinese agriculture. The Chinese government oversees agricultural production as well as the manufacture of food packaging, containers, chemical additives, drug production, and business regulation. In recent years, the Chinese government attempted to consolidate food regulation with the creation of the State Food and Drug Administration in 2003, and officials have also been under increasing public and international pressure to solve food safety problems. However, it appears that regulations are not well known by the trade. Labels used for green food, organic food and pollution-free food are not well recognized by traders and many are unclear about their meaning. A survey by the World Bank found that supermarket managers had difficulty in obtaining produce that met safety requirements and found that a high percentage of produce did not comply with established standards. [6] Traditional marketing systems, whether in China or the rest of Asia, presently provide little motivation or incentive for individual farmers to make improvements to either quality or safety as their produce tends to get grouped together with standard products as it progresses through the marketing channel. Direct linkages between farmer groups and traders or ultimate buyers, such as supermarkets, can help avoid this problem. Governments need to improve the condition of many markets through upgrading management and reinvesting market fees in physical infrastructure. Wholesale markets need to investigate the feasibility of developing separate sections to handle fruits and vegetables that meet defined safety and quality standards. [7] European Union[edit]The parliament of the European Union (EU) makes legislation in the form of directives and regulations, many of which are mandatory for member states and which therefore must be incorporated into individual countries national legislation. As a very large organisation that exists to remove barriers to trade between member states, and into which individual member states have only a proportional influence, the outcome is often seen as an excessively bureaucratic one size fits all approach. However, in relation to food safety the tendency to err on the side of maximum protection for the consumer may be seen as a positive benefit. The EU parliament is informed on food safety matters by the European Food Safety Authority. Individual member states may also have other legislation and controls in respect of food safety, provided that they do not prevent trade with other states, and can differ considerably in their internal structures and approaches to the regulatory control of food safety. France[edit]Agence nationale de securite sanitaire de lalimentation, de lenvironnement et du travail (anses) is a French governmental agency dealing with food safety. Germany[edit]The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer. Protection (BMELV)[8] is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. History: Founded as Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Foresting in 1949, this name did not change until 2001. Then the name changed to Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture. At the 22nd of November 2005, the name got changed again to its current state: Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The reason for this last change was that all the resorts should get equal ranking which was achieved by sorting the resorts alphabetically. Vision: A balanced and healthy diet with safe food, distinct consumer rights and consumer information for various areas of life, and a strong and sustainable agriculture as well as perspectives for our rural areas are important goals of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV). The Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety is under the control of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. It exercises several duties, with which it contributes to safer food and thereby intensifies health-based consumer protection in Germany. Food can be manufactured and sold within Germany without a special permission, as long as it does not cause any damage on consumers’ health and meets the general standards set by the legislation. However, manufacturers, carriers, importers and retailers are responsible for the food they pass into circulation. They are obliged to ensure and document the safety and quality of their food with the use of in-house control mechanisms. Hong Kong[edit]In Hong Kong SAR, the Centre for Food Safety is in charge of ensuring food sold is safe and fit for consumption. India[edit]Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, is the regulating body related to food safety and laying down of standards of food in India. New Zealand[edit]See also: Food safety in New Zealand The New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA), or Te Pou Oranga Kai O Aotearoa is the New Zealand government body responsible for food safety. NZFSA is also the controlling authority for imports and exports of food and food-related products. The NZFSA as of 2012 is now a division of the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) and is no longer its own organization. Pakistan[edit]Pakistan does not have an integrated legal framework but has a set of laws, which deals with various aspects of food safety. These laws, despite the fact that they were enacted long time ago, have tremendous capacity to achieve at least minimum level of food safety. However, like many other laws, these laws remain very poorly enforced. There are four laws that specifically deal with food safety. Three of these laws directly focus issues related to food safety, while the fourth, the Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, is indirectly relevant to food safety. The Pure Food Ordinance 1960 consolidates and amends the law in relation to the preparation and the sale of foods. All provinces and some northern areas have adopted this law with certain amendments. Its aim is to ensure purity of food being supplied to people in the market and, therefore, provides for preventing adulteration. The Pure Food Ordinance 1960 does not apply to cantonment areas. There is a separate law for cantonments called The Cantonment Pure Food Act, 1966. There is no substantial difference between the Pure Food Ordinance 1960 and The Cantonment Pure Food Act. Even the rules of operation are very much similar. Pakistan Hotels and Restaurant Act, 1976 applies to all hotels and restaurants in Pakistan and seeks to control and regulate the rates and standard of service(s) by hotels and restaurants. In addition to other provisions, under section 22(2), the sale of food or beverages that are contaminated, not prepared hygienically or served in utensils that are not hygienic or clean is an offense. There are no express provisions for consumer complaints in the Pakistan Restaurants Act, 1976, Pakistan Penal Code, 1860 and Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority Act, 1996. The laws do not prevent citizens from lodging complaints with the concerned government officials; however, the consideration and handling of complaints is a matter of discretion of the officials. [9] South Korea[edit]Korea Food Drug Administration[edit]Korea Food Drug Administration (KFDA)[10] is working for food safety since 1945. It is part of the Government of South Korea. IOAS[11]-Organic Certification Bodies Registered in KFDA: Organic or related claims can be labelled on food products when organic certificates are considered as valid by KFDA. KFDA admits organic certificates which can be issued by 1) IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement) accredited certification bodies 2) Government accredited certification bodies – 328 bodies in 29 countries have been registered in KFDA. Food Import Report: According to Food Import Report,[12] it is supposed to report or register what you import. Competent authority is as follows: Product.

The Plyometric Training In Badminton

The Plyometric Training In Badminton PHYSICAL TRAINING IN SPORTS Physical fitness is a very important factor affecting performance in sports. As in the preparatory phase of periodization plan for any training programme, the physical fitness is always the first to be developed before focusing into other training factors such as technical training, tactical training, and psychological training. Physical fitness contributes to sports performance. It serves as a foundation that leads to high performance level in sports (Bompa Haff, 2009). Many researchers have studied various types of physical fitness training, such as balance training (Myer, 2005; Myer et al., 2006), agility training (Miller et al., 2001; Young et al., 2001; Holmberg, 2009), sprinting training (Markovic et al., 2007), resistance training (Candow Burke, 2007; Sturgess Newton, 2008; Hamberg-van Reenen et al., 2009), circuit training (Chtara et al., 2008; Duncan et al., 2009), interval training, and plyometric training (Gehri et al., 1998; Swanik, 2002; Spurrs et al., 2003; Turner et al., 2003; Myer, 2005; Miller et al., 2006; Myer et al., 2006; Saunders et al., 2006; Salonikidis Zafeiridis, 2008; Vescovi et al., 2008; de Villarreal et al., 2008; Meylan Malatesta, 2009; Thomas et al., 2009; Ebben et al., 2010; King Cipriani, 2010; Rubley et al., 2011) and many studies found that physical training served the purpose of improving various physical attributes, such as flexibility, functional performance, muscular control, muscular power, distance runni ng performance, running economy, strength performance, explosive power, vertical jump, initial acceleration, speed, and agility (Gehri et al., 1998; Swanik, 2002; Spurrs et al., 2003; Turner et al., 2003; Kotzamanidis, 2006; Miller et al., 2006; Saunders et al., 2006; Markovic et al., 2007; Chtara et al., 2008; de Villarreal et al., 2008; Jullien et al., 2008; Salonikidis Zafeiridis, 2008; Vescovi et al., 2008; Meylan Malatesta, 2009; Thomas et al., 2009; Walklate et al., 2009; Sà ¡ez-Sà ¡ez de Villarreal et al., 2010). PHYSICAL TRAINING IN BADMINTON Badminton is a highly competitive dynamic sport. At elite level, it is suggested that badminton is characterized by repetitive efforts of alactic nature and great intensity which are continuously performed throughout the match (Cabello Manrique Gonzà ¡lez-Badillo, 2003; Lees, 2003; Faude et al., 2007; Sturgess Newton, 2008). Badminton players are required to be able to move in multiple directions while smashing and receiving a shuttlecock at high speed. The speed of a shuttlecock can be up to 421kph (Guinness World Record, 2009). Badminton players are often required to perform speed, agility, flexibility, endurance, and strength capabilities at their limit. It is proposed by Badminton Association of England (2002) that the off-court type of fitness training for badminton can include strength training, aerobic training, speed and agility training, flexibility training, core stability training, and circuit training. As an explosive sport, badminton performance can be enhanced from resistance training. Effective resistance training programme requires a systematic process of analysis, implementation and evaluation to ensure maximum adaptation and improvement. The prescription of resistance training methods can enhance badminton specific performance in jump smashes, lunges, and quick change of direction (Sturgess Newton, 2008). AGILITY IN SPORTS Agility is an essential element for many sports. It is an ability that involves a rapid whole body movement with changes of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus. In many competitive sports such as badminton, the players do not perform at their own pace and move, but are performing in response to the shuttlecock, the opponent, or the partners. As such, agility in badminton is not completely an independent factor (Young et al., 2002; Sheppard Young, 2006; Young Farrow, 2006; Jullien et al., 2008). Little and William (2005) proposed that agility is a specific physical attribute that is fundamentally important to sports performance for three reasons. First, developing agility will provide a strong foundation for muscular control and motor skill function, thereby establishing overall performance in badminton. Second, good agility enable players to move fast in balanced and stabled manner, and this proper movement mechanics and this may reduce injury risk. Finally, as an athlete matures, a heightened ability to quickly change directions will enhance overall performance in both proactive offensive and reactive defensive circumstances. According to Young and Farrow (2006) and Vescovi (2008), agility is important as many sports such as badminton performed on a court require high-speed total body movements. Many of these movements are in response to the motion of the shuttlecock, opponents, or partner. As such, quick movements are very important. Deterministic Model Of Agility Performance The multifactorial nature of agility has been represented by a deterministic model in Figure 2.1 which indicating the various factors contributing to performance in sports included badminton (Young et al., 2002). The model (Figure 2.1) indicated the agility can be affected by perceptual and decision making factor, and change of direction speed. Perceptual and decision making is one of the main factors affecting agility. The factors affecting perceptual and decision making included visual scanning, anticipating, pattern recognition, and knowledge of the condition. Leg muscle qualities Change of directional speed Young and Farrow (2006) noted that agility is affected by the change of directional speed. Change of directional speed is influenced by the techniques, straight sprinting speed, and leg muscle quality. Techniques to change direction and change velocity quickly are expected to be influenced by the position of the body while running. A forward lean is required to accelerate, a backward lean to decelerate and stop, and a sideward lean to produce a lateral change of direction. These body positions are necessary in order to produce forces to the ground to evoke reaction forces in the desired direction. The technique of body lean enables badminton player to make quick adjustments of strides to accelerate and decelerate, to the running posture to execute a quick change of direction. Such quick adjustments of posture and positioning of limbs is clearly a skill that requires training. This can be developed by plyometric training (Meylan Malatesta, 2009). Leg muscles quality is exclusively responsible for change of directional movements. The available research provides little support that leg muscle strength, power, and reactive strength are major contributors to agility performance. However, a rationale was made to suggest that plyometric training program involving jumping exercises that contain single leg lateral takeoffs, such as bounding in a zigzag pattern could potentially be beneficial to change of directional speed development (Robinson Owens, 2004; Miller et al., 2006; Sheppard Young, 2006; Young Farrow, 2006; Markovic et al., 2007; Thomas et al., 2009). Good quality of leg muscle in badminton helps to reduce time taken from ready position to move to receive a shot. AGILITY CONTRIBUTION IN BADMINTON Motion analysis of a typical badminton match reveals that there are many changes in direction and it requires the athlete to be very agile in all directions (Cabello Manrique Gonzà ¡lez-Badillo, 2003; Sturgess Newton, 2008). Notational analysis of European players during international tournaments indicated that badminton can be characterized by repetitive, short-duration, high-intensity efforts with high-frequency movement (Cabello Manrique Gonzà ¡lez-Badillo, 2003). Badminton is the fastest sport among the racket games with the speed of the shuttlecocks capable of travelling up to 421kph. This means in the court area of approximately 34m2 for badminton singles, the shuttlecock will take not more than 0.15 second to pass through the entire badminton court which is 13.4m in length (Olympics ABC, 2007). As a sport with such a high speed, agility plays a very important role to contribute to the performance. In an elite badminton match, the competition can be played up to more than 60 minutes, and the total running distance can be covered up to 6km. But the energy spent for both players were not the same. When a player is more agile and faster than opponent, he can get into favourable position to play the shot to move opponent around in the badminton court which will lead to greater radius of movement for the opponent. In another word, throughout the match, the player who have better agility are having advantage and spending less effort and energy compare to the less agile opponent. Olympic ABC (2007) also proposed that a player need approximately 0.32 to 0.36 second to move from a ready position towards the shuttle and approximately 0.486 seconds to react to the coming shot. This lead to an idea that a badminton player needs about 0.8 second to react to a shot and move to receive the shot. In this condition, agility is a critical factor affecting the performance. Time taken to react to the coming shot is affecting by the perceptual and decision making factor, while the time taken to move from a ready position towards the shuttle is affecting by the agility, which have the direct relationship with the change of direction speed. Good agility and fast action to move from ready position enable a badminton player to return the shot in a favourable position and have advantage over opponent. PLYOMETRIC TRAINING IN IMPROVING AGILITY Plyometrics are training techniques used by athletes in all types of sports to increase strength and explosiveness (Chu, 1998). Plyometric training programme involving jumping exercises that could potentially be beneficial to agility development (Robinson Owens, 2004; Miller et al., 2006; Young Farrow, 2006; Thomas et al., 2009). Plyometric drills usually involve stopping, starting, and changing directions of movement in an explosive manner. These movements are components that can contribute to developing agility (Young et al., 2001; Miller et al., 2001). Previous studies found that plyometric training, when used in a periodized manner, can contribute to agility gains (Miller et al., 2006; Thomas et al., 2009). Agility is an explosive movement which can be referred to running speed and changes of direction ability. Fast running speed and quick change of direction contribute to good agility. Explosiveness is affecting the running speed and change of direction ability. Thus, improvement in explosiveness leads to agility development. Plyometrics have been proven to be an effective method to improve on explosiveness (Markovic et al., 2007; Chtara et al., 2008). By enhancing balance and control of body positions during movement, agility theoretically should improve (Miller et al., 2006; Young Farrow, 2006). Plyometric activities have been used in sports such as football, tennis, soccer or other sports event (Yap Brown, 2000; Robinson Owens, 2004). These sports are intermediate sports which require rapid whole body movement with changes of direction or velocity in response to a stimulus, which is similar to badminton. CONCLUSION Physical fitness is a very critical factor affecting sports performance. It contributes to sports as the foundation that leads to high performance level in sports. Plyometric is one of the physical training which leads to the gain of various physical attributes which included speed, power, and agility (Miller et al., 2006). In badminton, a player requires high-speed total body movements. Many of these movements are in response to the motion of the shuttlecock, opponents, or partner. Agility permits badminton player to start quickly and efficiently, move in the correct direction, and to change direction or stop quickly to make a play in fast, smooth, efficient, and repeatable manner, in response to a stimulus. A competitive badminton match can be played up to more than 60 minutes, agility allow a player to be in the favourable position quickly to play the shot to move opponent around in the badminton court which will lead to greater radius of movement for the opponent. In another word, agility leads to the advantage of lesser effort and energy spent than the less agile player (Olympic ABC, 2007). Young and Farrow (2006) noted that agility is affected by change of directional speed. Quality of leg muscles is exclusively responsible for change of directional speed. Good quality of leg muscle and good agility in badminton helps to reduce time taken from ready position to move to receive a shot. This enables a badminton player to return the shot in a favourable position and have advantage over the opponent. Agility refers to running speed and changes of direction in an explosive manner. Fast running speed and quick change of direction is the key to good agility, which is affected by explosiveness. Thus, improvement in explosiveness should lead to agility development. Plyometrics has been proven to be effective and efficient in developing explosiveness (Robinson Owens, 2004; Miller et al., 2006; Young Farrow, 2006; Markovic et al., 2007; Chtara et al., 2008; Thomas et al., 2009). Plyometric drills involve starting, stopping, and change of movement directions explosively. These movements contribute to agility development (Young et al., 2001; Miller et al., 2001). Previous studies showed that plyometric training, when used in a periodized manner, can contribute to agility gains (Miller et al., 2006; Thomas et al., 2009). In addition, plyometric training which enhances balance and body control during movement promotes improvement in agility (Miller et al., 2006; Young Farrow, 2006).

The Speech On Animal Testing Philosophy Essay

The Speech On Animal Testing Philosophy Essay Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, it is great to be here with you all on this marvellous morning. I am here to convince all of you to oppose, stop and disengage from the cruel, detrimental and unnecessary animal testing. Do you know that the lipstick, the eyeshadow and the mascara we use to make ourselves look more attractive have poisoned hundreds of thousands of innocent animals? Do you know that the hairspray, the hair gel and the perfume we use to make ourselves look smarter have blinded hundreds of thousands of innocent animals? Do you know that even the toothpaste, the shampoo and the soap we use everyday have killed hundreds of thousands of innocent animals? If your answer is No, now is the time for all of us to know it. Animal testing is not only a research to find cures for human diseases, it is also an experimentation to establish safety of various products such as daily necessities, cosmetic products and medicines. To produce a safe product for us, numerous animals have died in laboratories. To ensure our health, numerous animals have tortured in laboratories. To let us stay away from diseases, numerous animals have gone through the unbearable aches and pains in laboratories. An overview of animal testing of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals has judged us guilty of killing nearly 100 million of animals in research laboratories every year. Each year, nearly 100 million of animals have been burned, poisoned and starved. Each year, nearly 100 million of animals have been dosed with poisonous elements, driven insane and deliberately infected with diseases such as cancer, diabetes and AIDS. Each year, nearly 100 million of animals, their eyes are removed, their brains are damaged and their bones are broken. Each year, nearly 100 million of animals have been brutally abused, mercilessly tortured and defencelessly killed for human benefits. Did they deserve such cruel and brutal treatment? They died for genetics research, for biomedical research, for xenotransplantation, for physiological research, for medical research, for drug testing and for toxicology tests. Perhaps you may say these tests and researches are for a good cause, but is it a really good cause that numerous innocent animals are caged up, tortured and sacrificed to achieve? Perhaps you may say these tests and researches are good for your safety, but is the chemical reaction on an animal same as the one on a human being? Perhaps you may say these tests and researches are good for your health, but can these tests and researches reliably predict effects in humans? Are there no any side effects on human beings? Scientists and researchers claimed that they have unlimited access to animals for experiments in order to find cures for human diseases. Yet, animal testing has actually endangered the life of human beings as the results from animal testing cannot be applied to humans. According to PETAs fact sheet, they argued that In many cases, animal studies do not just hurt animals and waste money, they kill people too. Some drugs were all tested on animals and judged safe but had devastating consequences for the humans who used them. Have all of us thought that why this would happen? The answer is very simple. This is because animals and humans are completely different from each other. As Dr. Arie Brecher said, No animal species can serve as an experimental model for man. Scientists should ask themselves; do dogs have the same DNA as us? Do cats have the same genetic characteristic as us? Do rabbits or rats have the same body cell as us? It is absolutely ironic when scientists answer No to these questions while they are still using human benefits as an unacceptable and unconvincing excuse to perform the practice of animal experimentation. Thus, should we still keep our faith in scientists and researchers ability to find a cure via animal testing? Should we still believe in those products which have made millions of rabbits blind? Should we still depend on and rely on such an inaccurate experimentation to cure our diseases? For me, the answer to these questions is No. It should also be the answer of yours, the answer of our humane society, the answer of our country, the answer of all the five continents and the answer of the entire world. We have no the right to use animals as the subject for any researches or experimentations just as we do not have the right to experiment on humans without their consent. We should respect the right of all species just as we respects the right of all people. We should pitch in with the work against animal testing and stand up for animal rights, for the animals tortured and yelled behind laboratory doors just as we stand up for our own right. Like Sri Aurobindo said, Life is life whether in a cat, or dog or man. There is no difference there between a cat or a man. The idea of difference is a human conception for mans own advantage. Any of us who donates to a medical charity is actually assisting to fund the research involving animal testing. We fund to cover the expenses of cage, the expenses of feed and the expenses of experimental materials. We fund to provide and purchase animals as experimental subject. We fund to blind, scald and poison animals. Animals are just like our family, friends and companions. Is it right for us to provide money that causes our family, friends and companions to be subjected to medical research? Animals are just like us, they are creatures which created by god. Just like us, they have feelings. Just like us, they are able to feel pain, hunger and thirst. Just like us, they will grieve over loved ones they have lost. We should try to imagine the feeling of animals. We should imagine if we were massacred by those wild and ferocious animals and nobody is trying to save us. Imagine if we were living inside a small cage and waiting to die in vain. Imagine if we had no any control of our own life and had no any freedom. Imagine if we were forced to be injected with drugs or toxic substances when we had never even done anything. With modern technology that we have created these days, animal testing is really an unreliable, unscientific and unnecessary experimentation. Nowadays, we have plenty of alternatives which have a much higher percentage of success than animal testing. Instead of animal testing, we can use human cell culture systems; instead of animal testing, we can use computer mathematical models; instead of animal testing, we can use artificial human skin and eyes that mimic the bodys natural properties. I believe that with the changes in technology these days, we are able to find more ways and methods that scientists and researchers can do research without involving any cruelties and causing any harm to any creatures. Now, let us stop buying and using the products tested on animals. Now, let us save the ship of animal rights that had sunk to the bottom of the sea of humans ignorance, rudeness and curiosity. Now, let us dig up the roots of cruelty and start sowing the seeds of humanism all over the world. Now, let us start it today. Thank you very much.

Edgar Allan Poe: Life and Works Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edgar Allan Poe was a literary genius of his time. His works may seem eccentric but beneath the words and stories lies a solemn, alone boy whose only way of comfort and relief was through his pen. Of the critical reviews I have studied pertaining to Poe, never has such a varied difference of opinions been presented or suggested towards a writer. It is thought that his life had a major influence on his writing and by reading many of his pieces I agree with that statement. Edgar Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809 to actors Elisabeth Arnold Poe and David Poe Junior. Edgar had a brother Henry, who was a year older than him, and a younger sister, Rosalie. His mother and father separated a couple months after Rosalie’s birth. When Edgar was two his mother passed away and a few weeks later his father died as well. As a result, Edgar and his siblings became separated. John Allan took in Edgar where he was christened as Edgar Allan Poe. Three years later the Allan’s moved to England where he attended Manor House School for three years. Even though Edgar performed very well in school, he only seemed to remember his school days in London as lonely and unhappy. After three years, they returned to Virginia but Poe felt abandoned constantly. Mr. Allan was always busy with work and his wife was in a constant state of illness. The Allans never legally adopted Poe; resulting in many cards and greetings sent to the family that would fail to mention Edgar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Edgar was a teenager the Allans moved around frequently. In 1822, the family finally settled in Richmond, in a house rented from William Galt. Edgar continued with his education, and by the age of fourteen, he was attending the Academy of Joseph H. Clarke. He did very well academically and the academy not only encouraged his studies but nourished his gift for language. Poe excelled in Latin and French, and at age sixteen he wrote the poem â€Å"Oh Tempora! Oh Mores!† While at school Poe excelled at writing by authoring countless numbers of poems. My research indicates that Poe had the potential to publish a book of poetry. For reasons unknown the Academy of Joseph H. Clark was not receptive to this venture and persuaded Poe’s stepfather not to entertain such notions. The school also brought out the athlete in Poe. He was a good runner, leaper, boxer, and sw... ...urity and anger towards John Allan often kept him from succeeding and doing well in life. He was in a constant uphill and downhill race. He didn’t want success enough for himself and let John Allan ruin his chances of becoming wealthy and happy with himself. One would think though, is it better he was treated that way? For this treatment created one of the world’s most renowned, controversial and heavily debated writers ever. In my opinion, Poe’s purpose was to let everyone know how he felt and what he felt, and with his intelligence and proper English and grammatical skills he was allowed to do so with writing. It is often said writing is a form of calming relief, whether the content be brutal or serene, those who write seem to explore and take in more from life then those who sit by and not use their imaginations. Poe may have gone deep into his and composed papers of mystery and confusion but he also reminded us about the side many people shut off in fear of harming others or being harmed themselves. Death is not a fun topic to discuss and with the way Poe would word his writings he made death itself become a light musical of phrases and poems that will be forever in our minds.

The Benefits of File Sharing Technology :: Internet Online Communication Essays

Napster: The Benefits of File Sharing Technology Napster. Never before has one word brought so much controversy and debate over technology and peoples' rights to information. Napster was co-founded by Shawn Fanning, a college student with a million dollar idea. His idea was to provide people across the world the ability to download information from other users’ computers. Although this technology was already available through local networks, Shawn envisioned a way to make this network technology possible for the average college student like himself. What Shawn didn't envision however, was the lawsuits and court injunctions that now plague his company. These lawsuits have stemmed from Napster allegedly violating copyright laws set forth by the music industry. Seeing that Napster has approximately 64 million users worldwide, the company is being charged with allowing "rampant music piracy" (Evangelista 2001). Although this may be true, I believe that Napster is doing more good to our society than bad. It's use of file sharing technology and expression is allowing new standards to be set for the future. A great misconception is that Napster provides its clients with illegally pirated music software known as MP3's. These MP3's are compressed CD quality music files that can be stored on any computer for easy listening, or can be copied onto an actual CD for listening on the go. In actuality, Napster does not provide any pirated MP3's; rather they act as a catalog for users to find certain songs (Magid, 2001). When you run the Napster program on your computer, Napster opens a direct link from your folder with MP3's files in it, to the catalog on the Napster server. Since Napster has over 60 million members, at any given time during the day hundreds of thousands of people have their files catalogued through Napster. So when I want to search for a song, Napster searches though the thousands of open directories of its users. When I find the song I want, I download the MP3 file directly from that particular Napster users computer. Napster as you can see is just acting as a search directory for MP3 files. Now that you know how Napster works, let me tell you why the program upsets so many people. Napster first made national news when many universities, including IU, started to ban the file-sharing program. College students having access to Ethernet and large bandwidths could not resist Napster's service.

Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Cultural Identity Essay

I grew up in a country whose native language is not English. But I grew up learning the English language nevertheless. In my home, we had access to English shows which I was constantly exposed to at a very young age. This is the reason why I learned English without much conscious effort. The language learning was taking place within the sub-conscious, which is the best way to learn any language: constant exposure at a very young age. Mei-Yu (1998, paragraph 2) once said that in the acquisition of oral language, â€Å"young children are active agents†, constantly refining and defining the inputs that they get from their surroundings in way that makes sense to them. Children create hypotheses about language rules, constantly filtering them through active engagement with the more competent language users in their immediate environment. Unconsciously, they learn to recognize contexts and begin acquiring fine discrimination in their use of a language. Looking back, I guess the constant exposure to the English language is the reason why I grew up knowing how to use it. There was never a conscious effort on my part to use or learn English, because it was already ingrained in my person. The people in my household knew English and spoke it on many occasions. I also had access to English books which strengthened my phonological awareness or sound-symbol relationships. This happened side by side while I was learning my mother language as well. As a child with a facility for the English language, I was subject to an excess of attention that I would not have received otherwise, had I just spoken our native tongue and nothing else. There is a prestige attached to the English language that makes people in my country take a second look and listen closely to what I have to say. They also make speculations as to whether my family is reach and if I grew up in the United States or have been travelling there on a regular basis. Such is the high stature of the English language in my country that if you speak it well enough, most people that you are rich or your family is. Growing up, my situation as a multi-lingual was even more fascinating. Perhaps it was because as I grew older, I became more aware of people’s actuations, and I am also more able to discern their motivations for why they act the way they do towards me. In my country there is a fascination for the English language because there is a fascination for the country. My people look at the United States as magical place where dreams come true, and life is generally better. To them, it seems like those who can speak the English language have greater chances of going to the United States as well. This general notion extends in every situation. That is why in every conversation where my ability to speak the English language is displayed, people seem to treat me better and pay me more attention. Sometimes, in order to avoid embarrassment, I hide my fluency in English when interacting with my community. Clearly, there is an overt favor towards those who speak the language, as if we are better than the rest of the local people. This is consistently true in all areas of endeavors, from school to social, to professional career. It is a sad situation, but true nevertheless, and I used my fluency in English and strive to make more of myself, in order to meet society’s expectations. Sometimes it can be difficult, trying to rise up to expectations, but I felt that it was my duty to do so, especially for those who sincerely believed that I could. The situation changed when I moved to the United States. If you are multi-lingual, you are regarded as ethnic, especially if your pronunciation has a very thick and recognizable accent. You will be subject to stereotyping, and in some cases, be even regarded as second class citizens. While I am not saying that everyone will react negatively to your accent or your use of your mother language, it is a reality that there are some people who will take it against you. If there is any field that multilingualism is always an advantage, and that is in the corporate world. This is especially true in the age of globalism, where most companies deal with overseas transactions. Being multilingual means that I can communicate with my colleagues, and at the same time be able to communicate with a client or supplier who speaks my mother tongue, but nothing else. Thus, I am able to bridge the communication gap and make sure that there will be no misunderstandings and conflict later on because of the language barrier. Actually, upon deeper reflection, I realize that people do not react to your multilingualism as much as they are reacting to the accent or how you speak the English language. The lesser your accent, the better people regard you. And this is true regardless or what place you are in. What we speak and how we speak, speak about our history as an individual. How we speak makes a statement towards who we are as a person. And people, for better or for worse, react to that. In an era of increasing globalization, more and more people want to learn English to make themselves more marketable and competitive. However, the value of the mother tongue should never be forgotten. Our mother language keeps our identity intact and sets us apart from the rest. Knowing English is the ship that will help us to get where we want to go, but it is our mother tongue that will be our anchor; the one that will help us find our way should we get lost. Reference Lu, Mei-Yu. (1998). Language Learning in Social and Cultural Contexts. ERIC Digest. Retrieved: April 14, 2007 from http://www. ericdigests. org/1999-2/language. htm

In this play, suicide is an act forbidden by religion Essay

â€Å"To be, or not to be† cries a torn Hamlet in Shakespeare’s tragedy, Hamlet. This is not the first time that Hamlet reflects upon his existence and thinks about committing suicide. In this play, suicide is an act forbidden by religion and society that one may take into consideration only after stricken with unbearable grief. In Hamlet’s case, he is stuck between living a horrible life that may not seem worth living, and taking his own life to end the cruelty of it, which he claims he would if God had not made it forbidden. Subsequently, Hamlet fuels his fire to live and not follow the path of suicide by remembering his duty as a person, which for him is to avenge his murdered father before it is too late. Before we can understand Hamlet’s popular predicament to be or not to be as a whole, we must make sure that we define the concepts that are key in his situation to place ourselves in Hamlet’s depressing shoes. For one, suicide is a broad, varying act that has different meanings to different people in different times. For the people of Hamlet’s setting, it was an atrocious, intentional act that only the horrid sinners would commit against the almighty Biblical God. Even after death, the people still looked down upon the dead that did not pass naturally into the afterlife by holding a funeral that only genocidal dictator would be worthy of; one that involved throwing rubble into the pit of the dead instead of pious flowers and ornaments. Also, though, what must be considered is the situation a person might be in. For example, if you live a life that involves lying in a dreadful hospital bed with very little consciousness and no sense of elation, one might argue, from a Christian viewpoint, that it is not immoral to kill yourself. Whether or not someone believes in a supreme being, one generally has morals. Morals are a set of rules or schemas that people follow and live by which they create, edit, and alter throughout their lives. In Hamlet, we see that almost everyone holds a heavy, negative view against suicide. The play leads us to think that suicide is something that is unnatural and undeniably immoral. When Ophelia dies, many people believed it was suicide, while others assumed it was an accidental death (Act IV, scene vii). Depending upon which side they took, their culminating feelings towards Ophelia was created based on their initial assumptions. The gravediggers or clowns that spoke during Ophelia’s funeral procession question whether she will receive a proper, Christian burial, or if she will be treated like a bag of bones and skin, essentially, and be buried in an unfavorable fashion. Though the situation pointed towards suicide, Ophelia received a funeral that was Christianesque mainly because of her royal blood (Act V, scene i). This specific example from the play shows us how immoral suicide, to the people of the play, really was. Where do the roots of morals lie? The answer exists in religion. The characters of Hamlet all consider religion and the laws of it to be of utmost importance. In Hamlet, Christianity is the only religion mentioned and is followed by practically everyone. Considering most people were very religious, we can infer that they followed the rules very closely and criticized those that did not, even if it was they. In one of Hamlet’s soliloquies, we learn that one of the few things preventing Hamlet from ending his miserable life is the commandment of God. â€Å"Or that the Everlasting had not fix’d His canon ‘gainst self-slaughter!† If it were not against the will of God, Hamlet would have considered suicide even more and maybe even committed the treacherous act. Christianity condemns suicide (Act I, scene ii). The people of the play follow Christianity rigorously. Therefore, the people of the play look down upon suicide mainly because of their religious views.

Class Distinctio

Jane Austin critiques the way in which people put the importance of status to their actions, as we see the distinction between the gentry and trade being interwoven in her novels. In her essay on Class, Juliet Master remarks that, â€Å"Class difference was of course a fact of life for Austin, and an acute observation of the fine extinctions between one social level and another was a necessary part of her business as a writer of realistic fiction† (1 15).In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Collins instructs Elizabeth to dress simply, and not to try to copy the elegant attire of her high-standing hostess Lady Catherine as he says, â€Å"Lady Catherine is far from requiring that elegance of dress in us which becomes herself and her daughter She likes to have the distinction of rank preserved† (138). The distinctions in class are not only to be present, but they also have to be seen. However, Jane Austin sets moral status against social status, and for her tutus has to be earned a nd not inherited.In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabethan first impression of Mr. Dairy's treatment of Victims, makes his moral standards to be not worthy of his standing in society. However, when she learns about his extensive responsibilities and goodness from his servant, her opinion of him changes as Mrs. Reynolds says, He is the best landlord, and the best master, that ever lived; not like the wild young men needlewoman's commendation bestowed on him by Mrs. Reynolds was no trifling nature. What praise is more valuable than praise of an intelligent servant? As a rather, a landlord. A master, she considered how many people's happiness were his guardianship! Ђ? How much pleasure or pain it was in his power to bestow!†¦ Every idea that had been brought forward by the housekeeper was favorable to his character. â€Å"—- Jane Student's characters constantly keep reminding each other of their social class in society. Dairy prides himself on being a gentleman with all the duties and obligations that his status entails in Pride and Prejudice. Caroline Bentley also keeps reminding him that he would be lowering himself by associating with the Bennett family s they are connected with trade. What she forgets is that the source of their family fortune on which their status is founded is trade.Emma is a rich woman who does not want to associate with the middle class in Emma. Janet Todd argues that, â€Å"Emma wants Highborn to remain as almost feudal, stationery through time, so that she will always be ‘paramount'. † (96) This suggests that social class is very important to her and this portrays the life of the aristocrats in Student's day who were opposed to change. Jane Austin questions just what it is that makes a true gentlemen or a lady. Social ann. must be part of it but intruding by the example of Lady Catherine. Her domineering superiority and sense of her own dignity is evident in all she says and does.Her unquestionable authority and right to control people's lives is evident when she confronts Elizabeth about her rumored engagement to Mr. Dairy as she says, â€Å"your alliance will be a disgrace; your name will never even be mentioned by any of us† (186). It is obvious that because of her status, she thinks that she can treat other people the way she wants. She thinks that Elizabeth is not fit to marry Mr. Dairy because they do to belong to the same social, class but her daughter does. In response to her confrontation, Elizabeth tells Lady Catherine that â€Å"Dairy is a gentleman; am a gentleman's daughter; so far We are equal† (186).However, Elizabeth is not dissuaded by Lady Catering's threats and status. Juliet Macerates remarks that, â€Å"so much suggests that for Austin there is nothing divine about royal ¶y', and not much that is special about peers. In fact characters with tittles – or ‘handles to their names' as the Victorians used to say – are seldom admirable in the novels† (1 16). Even though Lady Catherine holds a title, she is morally and intellectually not worthy. It is only the likes of Mr. Collins who want to climb up the social ladder who succumb to her every whim, as she enjoys Mr. Collision's flattery and his enthusiasm to give it.In an attempt to remain in her good books and to keep the company of the likes of Lady Catherine, Mr. Collins even knows how many windows Risings estate has. He reveals his self- importance in extraordinary long-winded speeches and ponderous attempts at social grace. Even though Lady Catherine thought of herself as Ewing superior, her tastes are offensive and pretentious. This is because she lacks inborn intelligence and breeding. Her attitudes and behavior offer an illuminating contrast to Mr. Dairy. Who does not wish to show off like other young men in his shoes.However, like his contemporaries, he despises the lower social class. This becomes evident when he advices Mr. Bentley to end his relatio nship with Jane. When Elizabeth accuses him that he had not behaved in a gentleman-like manner, he realizes how â€Å"selfish and overbearing' he has been. Through Elizabethan prompting, he learns that while status is important, true breeding is not dependent on rank. Here Jane Austin wants us to realist that, even though the gentry are from a higher class they are not different from the other classes. It is not superiority that makes one a Lady or a gentlemen but it is compassion.In Emma, Mr. Knightly is a true gentlemen because he does not pride himself on his rank. Unlike other status-conscious people of his rank, he walks instead of riding in his carriage. His carriage is only used to transport Miss Bates and Jane Fairfax. He manages his own estate and he does not look down upon other people as we e him in conversing with his tenant Robert Martin. In contrast in Sense and Sensibility, Mr. Dashboard, is deficient of the dedication that makes good curators and ethical aristocrats of Mr. Dairy and Mr. Knightly.Through class distinction, Jane Austin also draws attention to the unfairness of primogeniture, which unfairly privileges one family member to inherited the whole estate, instead of dividing it equally between siblings as would be the normal thing to do today. This allowed the first born son to inherit everything while others remained with nothing. This was done so as to preserve the state and the family name, because if the estate was to be divided then it would eventually come to an end.In Pride and Prejudice, the Bennett girls are to be turned out of Longhorn at the death oftener father, because the estate has to be inherited by a male relation who will keep it the family. Similarly in Sense and Sensibility, the Dashboard girls are made homeless because the old gentlemen Mr. Dashboard wants the family estate to go to a male heir who will pass it on to his sons. This then renders the female siblings to be inferior to their male siblings as Juliet Mas ter argues, â€Å"one might suppose that the filings in a single family would be almost by definition of the same rank.But even here there are marked differences in status, not only between sons and daughters , but also between one son and another' (119). Not only does Jane Austin condemn the unfairness of the inheritance system, but she also expresses disapproval of the significant difference in prestige between elder daughters and younger daughters. In Pride and Prejudice, we see Elizabeth saying, â€Å"l think it will be had very hard upon younger sisters, that they should not have their share of society and amusement because the elder ay not have means or inclination to marry early.The last born has as good a right to the pleasures Of youth as the first†¦.. During Jane Student's time, the eldest daughter was more prestigious than her younger sisters. Jane is called Miss â€Å"Bennett† while her sisters are addressed by their first names. The younger daughters could not be out in society before the eldest. While if the younger sister got married before the eldest, she also gained superiority over her elder sisters as we see Lydia saying to her eldest sister Jane, â€Å"ah!

Anthropology in relation to Disney’s “A Bug’s Life” Essay

When viewing Disney’s A Bug’s Life with the critical eye of an anthropologist, it is hard to truly believe that it is a children’s movie. This movie is an introduction to the complex world of anthropology and it’s concepts. One finds elements of culture in many different lights throughout this film. A Disney masterpiece shall be proven in this paper to not only intrigue the younger audience, but it shall verify the fact that the way humans function is so easily portrayed, even in the simplest behavioral patterns. As the film opens, the ants are preparing for the coming of the ravenous grasshoppers by filling a leaf with food products. For this food collection the ants stack the food following a straight line one after the other until an autumn leaf descends to the ground separating one ant from the line. This causes mass confusion and disorder. The ants learned behavior caused them to lose their self-control and allowed them to break the division of labor. Had the ants not been so set in their â€Å"assembly line† ways, they might not have had the problem they did. Flik (the main character of the movie) holds intelligence like none of the other ants in the production. He uses his brain as opposed to learned behavior in order to try and assist the colony. His numerous inventions are advanced, yet still unrefined enough to go wrong. The other ants frown upon his differences showing ethnocentrism at it’s finest. Within their own culture, Flik is looked down upon. One could view Flik’s intelligence as a mutation of the ant colony, but an even better example is that of the grasshopper’s psychotic mutation known as Thumper. Thumper is used to frighten the ants even more. His intimidation factor is used against the ants so they will work harder and faster to appease the tribal grasshopper’s needs. Flik, being beyond that of his fellow ants, confronts the hierarchy of his people to make a request that he traverse to the city in search of â€Å"warrior bugs† to save the colony once and for all from the big, bad, grasshoppers. After receiving approval, he sets off for the city not knowing what to  expect or who to encounter. By being able to leave the colony on his own free will, Flik proves he is adaptive and able to think freely for himself. His fellow ants look on in amazement as Flik begins his journey. The other ants’ cultural restraints did not allow them to even truly process what he was doing. The ants could not see passed the taboo of leaving the island, and therefore, were stuck to the island and unable to mentally push themselves away. Upon entering the city, it is made immediately obvious the vast amount of sub-cultures that flourish throughout. Flik is taken aback and is not very aware of what exactly is occurring. He is different from the others because he is a country bumpkin. He is from the country and does not know any better than his country boy ways. Cultural relativism is shown here, as he is not accepted for his beliefs and actions in the city. Many things separate him from the city culture in yet another example of ethnocentrism against Flik. Even language makes Flik distinctive from the other bugs and he is somewhat wary of what he is doing. Unfortunately his judgment is not all there and he chooses circus bugs over warrior bugs to come back and save his people. This confusion shows Flik’s urban inexperience and how easily it can be for one sub-culture to be mistaken with another. Luckily enough for Flik, he was a more advanced ant and not the type of â€Å"noble savage† the rest of his colony might be confused for. He is willing to take the initiative and get to the place he wants to go. When Flik returns the unknowing â€Å"warrior bugs† to the colony, he is met with praise and admiration (as are the â€Å"warrior bugs†). The â€Å"warrior bugs† begin to realize what they are getting involved in and they grow frightened. Soon, they begin to come along and appreciate the colony and their worth to the ants of the colony. This integration of culture is the main reason that the revolution the ants would soon develop worked. Another example of sub-culture in this movie is that of the queen’s youngest daughter and her friends. They form a club that is based upon childhood innocence but is able to do well for the whole colony. Without the work they  did, the anthill might not have been saved. After gaining the trust and earning the help of the â€Å"warrior bugs†, the ants are able to begin their revolution. This revolution contains much evolution in it. The ants are able to drop their learned behavior in order to come together and build the giant bird that will scare off the grasshoppers and save the day. Working together and breaking tradition, everything does end up working until the rest of the colony discovers the true identity of the warrior bugs. This leads to trouble again for Flik, but all ends up working out. Cultural relativism is seen again at the end of play when the humorous grasshopper Moulder leaves his tribe in order to stay with the â€Å"stronger and smarter† group of circus bugs. He also follows Darwin’s survival of the fittest concept in desiring to go with the better plan. There are examples of individual variation as well throughout the entire movie. Flik is the best example in that he is the main â€Å"individual† of the colony. His views are separate from anyone else and he strives to make things better for his people. Each one of the circus bugs has a strong sense of individuality. It is their differences to their own kind that brings them together to form their posse. And no matter what situation they are brought into, they are very individual from the larger group they are around. The grasshopper’s were a group who practiced and accepted a strong generalized reciprocity from the ants. The ants toiled all day trying to appease the evil one’s appetites, and got nothing in return. Hopper (evil leader of the grasshoppers) made empty promises about the ants losing their colony if they weren’t â€Å"protected† by the grasshoppers. But this would all be proven otherwise, when the ants realized their potential and saw that they did outnumber the grasshoppers 10 to 1. Coming to this conclusion is what truly allowed the ants the break their learned behavior and defend themselves. The difference in the cultures of the ants and the grasshoppers is something else of interest for this movie. The grasshoppers are a lazy culture that relies upon anyone but themselves to do work. The ants on the other hand, are hard workers. They not only perform the food gathering each year for them, but they also do enough for the grasshoppers as well. They work hard and long not realizing that they do not have to work for the grasshoppers too. The grasshoppers depend upon the fact that the ants do not know any better and hope it remains that way. Luckily for the ants, Flik’s intelligence is beyond that of the grasshoppers and it leads to revolution. In comparison to that of humans, Flik is a key human rights activist. He is strong about the will of the people and the freedom of his fellow ant. His spiritual strength is beyond that of anyone (even the queen of the colony) and he does end up making up for all of the mistakes he makes along the way. A Bug’s Life not only lives up to anthropological expectations, it lives up to childhood entertainment purposes. Its uncanny and smooth combination is of award merit. Taking the best examples of culture and its components, Disney is able to put that into a simple context that anyone can understand and relate to. Under the critical eye of an anthropologist, this movie not only meets standards, it creates it’s own. Children will be learning anthropology thanks to movies like this even before they can pronounce the word.

Element of the marketing mix Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Element of the marketing mix - Coursework Example This essay discusses that the most important aspect of marketing is that; the four marketing mix elements must work together in harmony, and any chance that one of the elements fail to fit well into the system, spells disaster for the whole business of marketing. However, in contrast, argues that the four elements of the marketing mix namely product, place, price and promotion are distinct concepts. Nevertheless, he concedes they need to work together in sync.   Therefore, for the whole marketing process to be successful, meaning that no element of the marketing mix is important than the others. The marketing mix elements are discussed in details below. The product is the element of the marketing mix that seeks to answer the question; what does the customer want?   Codita further suggests that the ability to respond to this question is through determining the actual needs of the target customer group, and then come up with the right product or service that is able to satisfy such needs. There is a need to determine the correct features that such a product will have, which may range from the color, packaging, branding, size and also the right amount of every component that will comprise the finished product, â€Å"to make the product both appealing and distinctive†. It is also at this point that the need to consider the value of the product arises since there is a need to evaluate whether the product defined may entail certain features that are costly, thus likely to push the price of the product high, while the targeted customer may not necessarily use those features.

School of Computer and Information Sciences Essay - 1

School of Computer and Information Sciences - Essay Example One needs to shape the future through intelligence and learned skills. This has been the reason why I have never hesitated to take into account of what my status in my home country Nepal had been (Assistant Professor) and what I have managed to achieve in the United States (PC Technician). Instead, I believe I make my own destiny by taking control of my actions, career, and future. For my actions, I am accountable to no one but my own conscience (well perhaps to the law). I follow the rationale that if my actions does not harm any one than it cannot be that bad. As long as I respect my neighbors, comply with the law, and go about my own work, I am following the general rule of citizenry. For my career, I believe in shaping it through hard work and intelligent choices. I have never been shy of hard work therefore that is not a problem. Making an intelligent choice needs a bit of consideration. In the course of my study for my Master's degree in Chemistry at CU, Denver I have learned hands-on how to operate the computer from scratch. It took a while with lots of frustration to get the hang of it but I have managed to understand its dynamics. Today, I have knowledge of Windows XP, Vista and Microsoft Office 2007. But what has really sparked my interests in computer science has been the ability to logically manipulate it and create new things out of it. Like chemis try, computers change the way one view and perceive things. It is like a chemistry formula which can transform liquid to gas or to an entirely different form of matter. Computers too change the construct and elements of data to different forms and use for different users. How a few pieces of hardware can modify, develop and present information to the whole world in a different manner is a fascinating phenomenon for me. And like chemistry, I feel, computer science is a logical subject and I would be able to grasp its dynamics in no time.

Reading Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 18

Reading Response - Essay Example USA was unaware that within its soils, there were actions being done by the terrorists to work against it in a major event. Derrida, as a philosopher, still believes in the power of great thinkers coming together to deconstruct the state and achieve reforms. His strategy is the use of intellectual and political pressures coming from international groups of intellects who will persuade powers that be to promote peace instead of war. His idealism can be infuriating, not to mention, arrogant, to believe that intellectuals like himself can solve the global crises from their ivory towers! How elitist! Still, his passion for freedom is commendable. It seems he has thoroughly thought this through, as he was eloquent in his rambling against the national state system and the people’s discontent with it. Autoimmunity is not a solution but a symptom to a greater problem. He is right in thinking unity amongst people should prevail, but not only the intellectual class but the working class as well, as they are the majority stakeholders in the fight for a world free from intimidation, terrorism and

The Miscarriage of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Miscarriage of Justice - Essay Example A miscarriage of justice may condemn an innocent person to punishment for a crime he/she may not have committed. While there may be a miscarriage of justice in other areas as well, it always has the most serious consequences of criminal convictions since the punishment may involve long terms or imprisonment or even execution. Wrongful convictions are difficult to overturn and although there are provisions for appeal under the law, an innocent person may suffer needless imprisonment, incarceration or even death, when a miscarriage of justice occurs. In many instances, such wrongful convictions may also be the result of unfair trials, the manipulation or fabrication of evidence or the framing of an innocent party through false testimonies and misdirection of judicial authorities. An innocent person wrongly convicted of a crime he/she did not commit, may face the consequences even after a wrongful conviction has been overturned because it is impossible to reverse the effects of punishme nt already suffered or the torment and hardship that may have been endured by the innocent person and his/her family. The most heart-rending aspect of a miscarriage of justice occurs when an innocent person is wrongfully convicted and put to death. The case of Judith Theresa3 is one of the best examples of the miscarriage of justice in terms of legal impropriety in the disclosure of material evidence and the role of experts and forensic scientists in providing evidence. In this case, a woman was convicted of being a terrorist on the grounds that nitroglycerine was discovered on her property. Defendant was convicted and sentenced to 30 years imprisonment, of which 17 had already been served when the Appeal was filed on the grounds of failure of timely disclosure. The problem, in this case, was the withholding of information by the forensic scientists who were working for the Government and believing that it was their duty to aid the police, they withheld information which they believed might prove damaging to the Prosecution’s case.

Plant Genome Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Plant Genome Comparison - Essay Example ecause of its relevance to biosecurity as its seeds contain high levels of highly toxic ricin protein which acts as a ribosome inactivator (Chan et al. 1). For the purpose of the genomic comparison, three studies (The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, Ming et al. and Chan et al.) exploring the genome content of these plants have been used in the succeeding sections. The Carica papaya genome is three times larger than the Arabidopsis thaliana genome but has fewer genes. In fact, Carica papaya has lesser genes than any angiosperm so far sequenced. Its genome size is 372 Mbp while that of Arabidopsis thaliana is 125 Mbp. The genome of Ricinus communis is also fairly larger compared to Arabidopsis thaliana but smaller than Carica papaya, having a size of 350 Mbp. Compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, Carica papaya genome has lesser disease resistance gene analogues. It also has minimal angiosperm gene set and lacks a recent genome duplication, which is unusual for other angiosperm genomes so far sequenced. The genome of Carica papaya is largely euchromatic but also has highly condensed heterochromatin knobs that represent 30–35% of its genomic DNA. In Arabidopsis thaliana genome too, there are euchromatic and heterochromatic regions. Most protein coding genes in Arabidopsis thaliana reside in the euchromatic regions while heterochromatin regions around the centromere have transposons and other repetitive sequences. In fact, in Arabidopsis thaliana account for around 10% of the genome, almost one-fifth of the intergenic DNA. The genome assembly of Ricinus communis is fairly fragmented with several megabase-sized scaffolds. Fifty percent of the Ricinus communis genome is found to be repetitive DNA, one-third of which is retrotranposons and less than 2% DNA transposons. BLASTZ alignment studies of chromosomal segments of Carica papaya with syntenic regions in Arabidopsis thaliana have shown that 34.8% of Arabidopsis thaliana genes in any one segment correspond